一、概述:
名词性从句的功能相当于一个名词,它能在主从复合句中担任主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语和同位语。通常根据它们在复合句中所起的作用,分别称为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1、引导名词从句的连接词有三个:
that:无词义,在引导宾语从句中可以省略(尤其在口语中),引导其他从句时不可省略。
whether,if:是否,其中whether可以引导所有名词从句;if仅可引导宾语从句,而且不可跟or not。
2、引导名词从句的连接代词有以下这一些:
(1)who:谁。作为主格
(2)whom:谁。作为宾格
(3)whoever:无论谁。who仅可表示疑问意义,the person who的概念要用whoever/whomever来表示。
(4)whose:谁的。所有格
(5)which:哪一个,哪一些。指人或物
(6)what:什么,…的东西。指物。表示两种意义:
第一种表示疑问意义,即“什么”。例:Do you know what that is?
第二种表示“…东西”, “…事情”.例:This is what he has asked for。
(7)whatever:无论什么
3、引导名词性从句的连接副词有:when(什么时间),where(什么地方),why(为什么),how(怎样,如何)连接副词除起连接作用外,还在从句中充当状语成分。
二、主语从句:用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。
1、that引导的主语从句:
例:_____ light travels in straight lines is known to all.
A.which B.That C.What D.It
答案:B。这句话相当于It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.意思是:众所周知,光以直线传播。
2、what 、whatever、whoever引导的主语从句。
例:______ know the truth will tell you about it
A.What that B.Whoever C.Whom that D.That who
答案:B。
例:______ is quite clear.
A.Where is the fighting B.Why is the fighting C.What war is D.What is war being
答案:C。
3、由“it”作形式主语的主语从句结构,已形成固定用法和译法。常见的有以下几种:
(1)、It is +名词词组+从句
It is a fact that…事实是…
It is good news that……是好消息
It is a question that……是个问题
It is common knowledge that……是常识
(2)、It is +形容词+从句
It is necessary that…有必要…
It is clear that…很清楚…
It is (un)likely that…很 (不太)可能…
It is important that…重要的是…
(3)、It is +过去分词+从句
It is said that…据说…
It is reported that…据报道…
It has been proved that…已证明…
It must be pointed out that…必须指出…
(4)、It+不及物动词+从句
It seems that…好象是…
It happened that…碰巧…
It follows that…由此可见…
It has turned out that…结果是…
二、宾语从句:
1、宾语从句用连接词that引导,that仅起连接作用,如需要在从句中作宾语、主语、表语等则用what引导:
例:Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders ______ will happen to her private life.
A .that B.what C.it D.this
答案:B。
虽然安对自己的成功感到高兴,但她却怀疑这对她的私人生活会发生什么影响。此处what作为从句中的主语。
2、宾语从句也可以用how, when, which, why, who, where, 等词引出。从句用陈述语序,即使主句是一个问句,宾语从句也不能用疑问句的语序。
例;She asked me______ I liked best.
A.that B.how C.which D /
答案:C。
她问我喜欢哪一个。
3、作介词的宾语:在英语中只有5个介词(except, in, but, beside, save)后面允许用引出从句,其他介词后面只能用what, how, whether等引导.
例:Criticism and self-criticism is necessary ______ it helps us to find and correct our mistake.
A.by that B.at that C.on that D.in that
答案:D。
在帮助我们发现和纠正错误的过程中,批评和自我批评是非常必要的。
4、宾语从句的注意点:
(1)、在宾语从句中,that一般可以省略。但是有的谓语动词后的that不可以省略,这类词有: agreeargueholdlearnmaintainobservecontendconceiveremarkstatesuggestassumeannounceindicate
(2)、如果宾语从句后面跟有补语,要用形式主语it来代替,而将从句放到补语后面去。
例:He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed
(3)、宾语从句的时态呼应:如果主句的谓语是过去时,宾语从句的时态要按照时态呼应规则进行相应的调整。但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然观念,其谓语时态仍用一般现在时。
例:The teacher told the students that the Pacific Ocean ______ the largest ocean in the world.
A.be B.is C.were D.was
答案:B
三、表语从句:表语从句中的连系动词连用,其结构为:主语+连系动词+表语从句。表语从句可由how,when,where,why,what等引导常用的连系动词有be,seem,remain,look等。
1、“the reason…that”表示:“理由是…”不要将that误用为because:
例:The reason why I plan to go is ______ if I don’t.
A.because she will disappointed
B.that she will be disappointed
C.because she will have been disappointed
D.for she will be disappointed
答案:B。
2、“it(this,that)is because…”结构中,because引导定语从句。
例:This is ______ iron contains more carbon than steel.
A.that B./ C.because D.what
答案:C。
四、同位语从句:在idea,fact,news,hope,reason,discovery,belief,thought, result等名词后,可用that或连接代(副)词引入的从句作同位语,说明名词的具体内容,我们称这种从句为同位语从句。同位语从句通常由that引导,但随着先行词的不同,也可由whether, when,where,how, what,why等引导。引导同位语从句可用疑问词how,why等。并且它们前面有时可加介词of和as to
例:There are signs ______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A.that B.which C.in which D.whose
答案:A。
例:It is a question ______ he did it.
A.how B.why C.that D.if
答案:A。
例:She had no idea ______ she thought of him suddenly.
A.with why B.with that C.for what D.as to why
答案:D
五 、 名词性从句的考查主要集中以下几点:
1)从句的语序为直陈语序
2)名词性从句的连词的选择,而其中以what的使用最为广泛,
3)连词what为缩合连词,相当于all that/ everything that等,而与之经常在同一题出现的which为疑问连词,表示"哪一个?"的概念,that做名词性从句的连词在从句中不做任何成分,也因此经常省略。在解这种题时一是看从句所表达的含义,最重要的是看连词在从句中是否做主语、宾语或表语。
4)注意whoever 与who的差别。whoever相当于anyone who,而who为疑问连词。但从四级考试来看,更倾向于whoever 与whatever, whichever等的比较。也就是说,测试倾向于句子的理解,而不只是语法规则的记忆。
5) 除what以为,when, where, why也都可做缩合连词来用应引以注意,如:
I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village.
Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day?
6) 名词性从句考查设疑的另一点就是从句与非从句的比较,如1)中是否可以用it 或this,3)中是否可以用one等。
7) 同位语从句一般以that为连词者句多,这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容,连词that没有任何词汇意义,也没有任何句法功能。